A Guide to Armenian Churches Carved into Cliffs and Mountains
Armenia, one of the oldest Christian nations in the world, is home to some of the most breathtaking churches and monasteries carved directly into cliffs and mountains. These architectural wonders are not just religious landmarks—they are deeply tied to the country’s history, spirituality, and identity.
Many of these churches were built during the early Christian period, often in remote or hard-to-reach locations. Their placement was not only a symbol of devotion but also a form of protection during centuries of foreign invasions and regional conflict. What remains today are masterpieces of medieval engineering, surrounded by dramatic natural settings that leave visitors awestruck.
This guide takes you through the most iconic cliffside and cave-carved churches of Armenia, offering insights into their history, significance, and how to visit them.
1. Geghard Monastery (Kotayk Province)
One of the most celebrated examples of Armenian rock-cut architecture, Geghard Monastery is a UNESCO World Heritage Site nestled in a narrow mountain gorge near the Azat River. The full name of the monastery is “Geghardavank,” which means “Monastery of the Spear,” referencing the relic of the spear said to have pierced Jesus Christ, once housed here.
What makes Geghard remarkable is that large sections of the monastery, including chapels, tombs, and cells, are hewn directly into the solid rock of the surrounding cliffs. The acoustics within these chambers are exceptional, making the site a favorite for spiritual chanting and choir performances.
Visitors can reach Geghard via a short drive from Yerevan. The journey itself is scenic, and it’s often paired with a visit to nearby Garni Temple.
2. Noravank Monastery (Vayots Dzor Province)
While not carved into the rock itself, Noravank Monastery is dramatically positioned within a narrow red rock canyon, giving it the appearance of emerging naturally from the landscape. The surrounding cliffs rise steeply around the monastery, creating an almost hidden sanctuary that has fascinated visitors for centuries.
Built in the 13th century, Noravank is known for its tall two-story Surb Astvatsatsin (Holy Mother of God) church, which features a unique external staircase and intricate stone carvings by the master sculptor Momik. The combination of fine craftsmanship and natural setting makes Noravank one of Armenia’s most photographed religious sites.
The monastery is accessible via a winding road from the village of Areni, also famous for its ancient winemaking history.
3. Tatev Monastery (Syunik Province)
Although Tatev Monastery itself is not fully carved into a cliff, its dramatic mountaintop setting and connection to the surrounding gorges give it a place on this list. Founded in the 9th century, Tatev sits on the edge of a deep canyon overlooking the Vorotan River.
In medieval times, Tatev was an educational and spiritual hub, home to a university and a community of scholars. Its isolated position allowed it to thrive as a religious center while remaining protected from invasions.
Today, Tatev is one of the most important pilgrimage and tourist sites in Armenia. It is best accessed via the Wings of Tatev, a 5.7 km cable car—the longest non-stop aerial tramway in the world.
4. Haghpat and Sanahin Monasteries (Lori Province)
Though not directly carved into cliffs, Haghpat and Sanahin monasteries are built on elevated plateaus surrounded by deep gorges and mountain ranges. These twin monastic complexes, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites, are architectural treasures of Armenia’s medieval golden age.
Founded between the 10th and 13th centuries, these monasteries are prime examples of Armenian religious architecture and scholarly tradition. They served as centers of learning, manuscript production, and theological thought.
While visiting, travelers can walk the narrow forest trails between the two sites and enjoy sweeping views over the Debed Canyon. The surrounding region offers a peaceful atmosphere ideal for reflection and exploration.
5. Matosavank and Jukhtakvank Monasteries (Tavush Province)
Located deep within the forests of Dilijan National Park, Matosavank and Jukhtakvank are lesser-known monasteries that feel like hidden treasures. Reaching them involves a short hike through pine and beech trees, enhancing the sense of discovery.
These small monasteries, dating to the 11th and 12th centuries, are partially hidden among mossy stones and overgrown vegetation. Though not fully carved into cliffs, their remote placement and integration into the natural surroundings offer a similar experience of seclusion and spiritual immersion.
These are ideal stops for hikers and travelers seeking quiet, off-the-beaten-path destinations.
6. Hin Khot (Old Khot Village, Syunik Province)
For travelers who love ruins and untouched landscapes, the abandoned village of Hin Khot offers a haunting yet fascinating look at Armenia’s past. The remnants of old stone churches, some partially carved into cliffs, are scattered across the village site. Though not officially maintained as tourist attractions, they provide insight into rural life and architectural practices in Armenia centuries ago.
Getting to Hin Khot requires a 4WD vehicle and a bit of hiking, making it an adventurous destination for those interested in Armenia’s less-explored corners.
Tips for Visiting Cliffside and Mountain Churches
Wear sturdy shoes: Many of these sites involve uneven paths, steps, or short hikes.
Dress modestly: These are active religious sites; covering shoulders and legs is respectful.
Bring water and snacks: Especially when visiting remote areas or combining multiple sites.
Hire a local guide: To better understand the historical and cultural significance of each site.
Visit during spring or autumn: Weather is mild, and landscapes are especially beautiful.
Final Thoughts
Armenia’s churches carved into cliffs and mountains are more than architectural marvels—they are sacred places that reflect the country’s enduring faith and artistic heritage. Whether you’re exploring the atmospheric chambers of Geghard, standing among the red rocks of Noravank, or riding a cable car to Tatev, each experience connects you to a deeper narrative of survival, spirituality, and devotion.
For history lovers, architecture enthusiasts, or spiritual travelers, this journey through Armenia’s rock-hewn sanctuaries is both humbling and unforgettable.